基于声发射和长短时记忆神经网络的端对端燃气高压调压器故障诊断

在燃气输配系统中燃气调压器处于关键位置,及时有效地诊断其故障类型具有重要意义。文章提出了一种基于声发射信号和长短时记忆神经网络的端到端故障诊断方法,直接利用时域声发射信号对调压器的运行状态进行诊断。首先,设计一个二阶巴特沃斯高通滤波器对采集的声发射信号进行预处理;其次,利用长短时记忆网络（LongShort Term Memory networks,LSTMs）的记忆特性,构建长短时记忆网络端到端（e2e-LSTM）故障诊断模型。实验结果表明,该模型根据输入的高压调压站采集的声发射信号,能够以端到端模式一次性地诊断五种高压调压器故障。     

基于二维波束聚焦算法的低速冲击监测研究

冲击损伤监测是结构健康监测的主要研究内容之一,为提高冲击定位的精度以及传感器的利用效率,提出了一种基于十字阵列型传感器布置方法的二维波束聚焦冲击定位算法,在高精度的前提下有效减少了传统定位方法所需布置的传感器数量。通过十字阵列型的压电传感器布置方法,可以将远场的定位精度大大提高,对于内场的盲区采用四点圆弧定位算法进行冲击定位,从而将整个大型平板结构的冲击定位精度大大提高。通过实验研究验证了该方法的有效性与实用性。     

基于图像处理的声相云图评价方法研究

基于图像处理,提出了声相云图评价方法,用于评价声相仪的声源定位误差。分析了声相仪的成像原理,提出将方位角误差和俯仰角误差作为声相云图声源定位误差的评价指标。利用差影法提取声相云图的声源定位成像区域,并经过灰度二值化、腐蚀膨胀和加权平均之后,计算出成像区域中心的像素坐标。在声相仪不同抓拍距离平面内,通过图像标定得到成像区域中心在实际物理空间上的位置坐标,将其与所定位的声源实际位置坐标相比较,计算得到方位角误差和俯仰角误差。实验结果表明,该方法所得方位角和俯仰角与声源实际位置坐标计算所得到的真实值相比,两者差异较小,能够客观地对声相仪的声源定位误差进行评价,且操作简单。     

HIFU治疗中生物组织对声学焦域及声的非线性影响的研究

生物分层组织是高强度聚焦超声治疗中最常见的声通道组织。通过研究生物组织对声学焦域的影响,可以为高强度聚焦超声(High Intensity Focused Ultrasound,HIFU)治疗安全性和可靠性提供理论依据。基于Westervelt方程,利用频域和时域有限元算法仿真HIFU治疗过程中超声透过分层组织后的焦域变化,并用新鲜离体猪肉组织进行实验验证。结果表明:生物组织声学特性的差异性和结构的不均一性使HIFU的声学焦域位置发生改变,尤其在声焦平面内,相对2.5mm的焦域宽度,1mm的偏移量将会对HIFU治疗精准性产生影响;声通道中存在生物组织,超声声束不会发生扩散,没有散焦现象,焦域宽度维持在2.38~2.79mm范围内;HIFU透射生物组织,声学焦域的非线性有明显的减弱,谐波次数越高,衰减程度越大,实验中基波声衰减值为9.97dB,二次谐波声衰减值为22.33dB,三次谐波声衰减值为28.05dB,四次谐波声衰减值为31.06dB,五次谐波已衰减消失。     

平遥古城声环境调查与评价

以平遥古城为例,对古城内四个不同性质功能区的声环境展开实地测量和主观问卷调查。调查结果表明,县衙博物馆和明清街声环境明显超出了我国现行声环境质量标准限值;历史文化表演声是古城特有的声源构成之一,与自然声最受人们喜爱。基于语义差别法对古城声环境的影响因素进行了研究,古城声环境的主要因子包括精神属性(舒适度)、社会属性(趣味性)和物理属性(动态性、强度、丰富度)。其中,趣味性、强度和丰富度在一天内均呈现出逐渐升高趋势,与其他声环境相比,古城声环境丰富度更高,且兼具趣味性与动态性。最后就古城声景现状提出一些改善建议,或可为古城类声景营造和优化提供参考。     

不同应力水平下SiCf/SiC复合材料的损伤行为和机制研究

为提高对SiC_f/SiC复合材料在服役中失效机制的理解以及更合理地设计该类材料,通过声发射探测结合两种力学加载实验对该材料的损伤过程进行了评估与分析,并利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等手段对其损伤状态的演变进行了详细的表征和总结。实验结果表明,声发射技术可有效评估SiC_f/SiC复合材料的损伤程度,并用以分析特定加载应力水平下的损伤发展。研究表明:裂纹在较低的加载应力下(80 MPa)易在材料的原生缺陷附近或多种组分的边界处萌生,但对材料自身强度影响较小;较高的加载应力(≥100 MPa)则会使材料产生大尺度开裂,并与纤维发生相互作用进而降低材料的稳定性。SiC_f/SiC复合材料在递增的加载应力下会产生5种开裂形式以及纤维的断裂拔出和界面的脱粘等损伤行为。     

Transient SHG Imaging on Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of MoS2 Nanosheets

Understanding the collaborative behaviors of the excitons and phonons that result from light–matter interactions is important for interpreting and optimizing the underlying fundamental physics at work in devices made from atomically thin materials. In this study, the generation of exciton‐coupled phonon vibration from molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets in a pre‐excitonic resonance condition is reported. A strong rise‐to‐decay profile for the transient second‐harmonic generation (TSHG) of the probe pulse is achieved by applying substantial (20%) beam polarization normal to the nanosheet plane, and tuning the wavelength of the pump beam to the absorption of the A‐exciton. The time‐dependent TSHG signals clearly exhibit acoustic phonon generation at vibration modes below 10 cm^?1 (close to the Γ point) after the photoinduced energy is transferred from exciton to phonon in a nonradiative fashion. Interestingly, by observing the TSHG signal oscillation period from MoS₂ samples of varying thicknesses, the speed of the supersonic waves generated in the out‐of‐plane direction (Mach 8.6) is generated. Additionally, TSHG microscopy reveals critical information about the phase and amplitude of the acoustic phonons from different edge chiralities (armchair and zigzag) of the MoS₂ monolayers. This suggests that the technique could be used more broadly to study ultrafast physics and chemistry in low‐dimensional materials and their hybrids with ultrahigh fidelity.     

Acoustic emission source characterisation using evolutionary optimisation

When a crack initiates and grows in a metal or composite structure, for example, due to high cycle fatigue, the crack propagation gives rise to acoustic emissions (AE)—ultrasonic waves travelling through the structure. Because the presence and rate of growth of any cracks are important pieces of information about the condition or health of the structure, the monitoring of AE activity using sensors mounted on its surface is a potentially useful technique of structural health monitoring. In tests, acoustic emissions are often simulated by breaking a pencil lead against the surface of the structure in a standardised way (a "Hsu‐Nielsen" source), but the forces that this imparts are not well understood at present. The current paper proposes a new evolutionary optimisation‐based approach to source characterisation. The principle is to introduce a parametrised representation of a general source and then identify the parameters that allow the source to best match responses measured elsewhere on the structure. The predicted responses are modelled using a local interaction simulation approach (LISA) algorithm to simulate the propagation of the ultrasonic waves. The approach is validated here using experiments on AE propagation in thin plate‐like structures, where the ultrasound propagates as Lamb waves. Three separate case studies are proposed here. In the first case, an idealised point source is simulated using laser‐generated ultrasound, and the optimisation algorithm uses a two‐dimensional LISA model. A differential evolution optimisation scheme is used to find the optimal profile of forcing to match the simulation with experiment. In the second case, the two‐dimensional LISA approach is used to characterise the forces associated with standard pencil lead breaks. The final study addresses the full three‐dimensional wave propagation. Because of the computational expense of the latter calculation, the LISA algorithm is implemented using a CUDA graphics card computer system.     

基于声发射信号的三维针刺C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化研究

本研究对三维针刺C/SiC(3-dimension needled C/SiC, 3D-N C/SiC)复合材料进行室温单调拉伸和拉伸加载-卸载试验, 利用声发射技术对试样损伤演化进行动态监测。采用K-均值聚类分析方法对小波降噪后的声发射信号进行了损伤模式识别, 结合试样断口扫描电镜观测, 发现3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在五类损伤模式: 基体开裂、界面脱粘、界面滑移、纤维断裂和纤维束断裂。通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对小波降噪后的信号进行频谱分析得出: 3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在240、370和455 kHz三种频率的损伤信号, 分别对应于界面损伤、基体损伤和纤维损伤。结合单调拉伸试验过程声发射信号能量柱分布和加卸载过程累积能量曲线特征, 分析了试样损伤演化机理。